What is Bottle Glass Called?: A 7-Point Expert Guide for Spirit Brands in 2025

Abstract

An examination of the terminology for bottle glass reveals a complex lexicon rooted in material science, industrial application, and functional design. The common material for bottle production is soda-lime glass, an amorphous solid prized for its workability, clarity, and cost-effectiveness. Its composition primarily involves silica, soda ash, and lime. Distinctions arise when comparing it to borosilicate glass, which offers superior thermal and chemical resistance, making it suitable for specialized applications. Industry professionals often refer to bottle glass as "container glass," distinguishing it from "flat glass" or "fiberglass." Further classification depends on color and clarity, with terms like "flint" for clear glass, and specific chemical additions creating amber or green hues for UV protection. Functional and historical forms also lend their names, such as "spirits bottle," "decanter," or "flask," each denoting a specific shape and purpose. Understanding these overlapping terminologies provides a comprehensive framework for appreciating the science and artistry behind glass packaging.

Key Takeaways

• The most common bottle glass is technically called soda-lime silicate glass.
• Industry professionals often refer to it broadly as "container glass."
• Glass color has specific names: "flint" for clear, "amber" for brown.
• Borosilicate glass is a durable, heat-resistant alternative for specialty use.
• Learning what bottle glass is called helps in making informed packaging choices.
• Bottle shapes have distinct names like decanter, flask, or spirits bottle.
• Recycled glass, or "cullet," is a key ingredient in modern glass production.

Table of Contents

• The Fundamental Material: Soda-Lime and Its Kin
• The Industry Vernacular: Understanding 'Container Glass'
• The Spectrum of Clarity: Flint, Amber, and Green Glass
• Form Follows Function: Decanters, Flasks, and Spirits Bottles
• The Cycle of Renewal: The Role of Cullet in Modern Glassmaking
• The Language of the Surface: Finishes, Embossing, and Decoration
• The Vessel as a Narrative: Crafting Your Brand's Custom Bottle
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
• Заключение
• References

The Fundamental Material: Soda-Lime and Its Kin

When we pose the question, "What is bottle glass called?", the most scientifically precise answer begins not with a name, but with a recipe. The overwhelming majority of glass bottles in the world, from those holding water to those containing fine spirits, are made from a material known as soda-lime silicate glass, often shortened to soda-lime glass. To truly grasp the identity of a bottle, one must first understand the substance of its being. Glass, in its essence, is a non-crystalline, amorphous solid (Lee, 2025). Think of it as a liquid that has been frozen in time, its molecules locked in a disordered state, unlike the neat, repeating patterns of a crystal. This molecular chaos is precisely what gives glass its transparency and its unique properties.

The "soda-lime" part of the name refers to the primary ingredients that are melted together with silica. The foundational component is silica, usually in the form of sand, which makes up about 70-74% of the mixture (Jan, 2025). Silica has a very high melting point, around 2000°C, which makes it difficult and expensive to work with on its own. Here, human ingenuity enters the narrative. Ancient glassmakers discovered that adding sodium carbonate, or "soda ash," dramatically lowers the melting temperature, making the sand workable in ancient furnaces. The soda ash acts as a flux, facilitating the melting process. There is a complication, however; glass made from only silica and soda is water-soluble. Imagine a bottle that could slowly dissolve in the rain. To counteract this, a third key ingredient is introduced: calcium oxide, typically derived from limestone, which is where the "lime" in the name comes from. Lime acts as a stabilizer, rendering the glass insoluble and durable enough to withstand its intended use. These three ingredients—silica, soda, and lime—form the holy trinity of container glass production.

Soda-Lime Glass: The Ubiquitous Workhorse

Soda-lime glass is the unsung hero of the packaging world. Its dominance is not accidental; it represents a perfect balance of properties. Its chemical inertness is paramount for packaging beverages and foodstuffs. It does not react with the contents, leach unwanted chemicals, or impart any flavors, ensuring the purity of the product it protects. Its impermeability means that gases and moisture cannot pass through, preserving carbonation, preventing oxidation, and extending shelf life far more effectively than many plastics.

From a manufacturing perspective, soda-lime glass has a favorable viscosity and working temperature range. This allows it to be molded, blown, and pressed into an almost infinite variety of complex shapes with high efficiency, a process that has been refined over centuries (daxinglassbottles.com). The raw materials are abundant and relatively inexpensive, making it an economically viable choice for mass production. Its recyclability is another profound advantage, which we will explore in greater depth later. A bottle made of soda-lime glass can be melted down and reformed into a new bottle endlessly without significant degradation in quality. This combination of inertness, impermeability, workability, and recyclability makes it the default answer when someone asks what bottle glass is called from a material science perspective.

Borosilicate Glass: The Resilient Cousin

While soda-lime glass reigns supreme in volume, a different formulation, borosilicate glass, holds a significant place in specialized applications. Borosilicate glass, as the name suggests, replaces the soda and lime in the composition with boric oxide. This substitution fundamentally alters the glass's properties, creating a material known for exceptional thermal shock resistance and enhanced chemical durability.

You have likely encountered borosilicate glass in your kitchen in the form of PYREX measuring cups or bakeware. Its ability to go from a hot oven to a cool countertop without shattering is its most famous trait. This low coefficient of thermal expansion is due to the way boric oxide changes the glass's internal structure. For bottle packaging, this resilience makes it the material of choice for pharmaceutical vials that must undergo sterilization at high temperatures or for high-end, reusable стеклянные бутылки для воды intended for both hot and cold beverages. While more costly to produce than soda-lime glass, its performance in demanding environments justifies the expense. A spirit brand might choose borosilicate for an ultra-premium, refillable decanter system, where the perception of durability and quality is part of the brand's story.

Comparing the Titans: Soda-Lime vs. Borosilicate

To make an informed decision for your product, a direct comparison is illuminating. The choice between these two types of glass is not about which is "better" in an absolute sense, but which is more appropriate for a specific function, brand identity, and price point.

Understanding this fundamental material difference is the first step. When you are commissioning a bottle, you are not just choosing a shape; you are choosing a substance with a specific history, character, and set of capabilities.

The Industry Vernacular: Understanding 'Container Glass'

Beyond the chemical composition, the question of "what is bottle glass called" can also be answered from the perspective of industry and application. In the world of manufacturing and logistics, bottle glass is most commonly referred to as container glass. This term is a functional classification that distinguishes it from other major categories of glass production. It is a simple, descriptive name that immediately communicates its purpose: to contain something.

This categorization helps organize a vast and diverse industry. Think of the glass world as having several large families. The first family is flat glass, which includes the windows in our homes and cars, plus mirrors. Its production method, typically the float glass process, is entirely different from that of bottles. The second is fiberglass, used for insulation, textiles, and reinforcing plastics. A third could be specialty glass, a broad category that includes everything from optical lenses for cameras to the tough screens on our smartphones. Finally, we have container glass, the family that encompasses all the jars, vials, and bottles that fill our grocery store shelves and liquor cabinets (glassbottle.info).

The World of Containers

Within the family of container glass, further distinctions are made, usually based on the product the container is designed to hold. You will hear professionals talk about the "food and beverage sector," which is the largest segment. This is then broken down further into sub-categories like "beer bottles," "wine bottles," "spirits bottles," and "non-alcoholic beverage bottles." Each of these sub-categories has its own set of standard shapes, sizes, colors, and quality requirements dictated by tradition, branding, and the specific needs of the product.

For a spirits brand, understanding this vernacular is important. When you approach a manufacturer like Zhonghai Glass, speaking the language of the industry facilitates a more precise and efficient conversation. Instead of saying "I need a glass bottle," you can say "I am looking to develop a custom 750ml spirits bottle from container glass, and I am interested in your capabilities for producing high-clarity flint glass." This demonstrates a level of knowledge that allows the discussion to move quickly to more nuanced details like mold design, decoration techniques, and production timelines.

Classifying Glass by Application

The way we classify glass reveals how deeply it is integrated into every facet of our lives. The term "container glass" is a testament to one of its most ancient and enduring functions: to hold, protect, and present.

This table illustrates that "bottle glass" is not just one thing. It is a specific type of glass, made through a specific process, for a specific purpose. Its identity is defined as much by what it is not (flat, fibrous) as by what it is (a vessel). So, while soda-lime glass describes its substance, container glass describes its role in the world.

The Spectrum of Clarity: Flint, Amber, and Green Glass

A bottle's color is not merely an aesthetic choice; it is a functional feature with its own specific terminology. When discussing what bottle glass is called, the color introduces another layer of names. The most common terms you will encounter are flint, amber, and green. These names refer to the visual appearance of the glass, which is controlled by adding or removing certain minerals and chemicals during the melting process.

Flint Glass: The Pursuit of Purity

In the glass industry, flint glass is the term for clear, colorless glass. The name is a historical relic from 17th-century England, when early high-quality glass was made using calcined (purified by heating) flint pebbles as a source of pure silica. While modern glass no longer uses flint, the name has persisted to denote the highest level of transparency.

Achieving true water-white clarity in flint glass is a mark of quality manufacturing. Standard soda-lime glass naturally has a faint greenish or bluish tint due to iron oxide impurities present in the raw materials, particularly the sand. To create premium flint glass, often called "super flint" or "cosmetic flint," manufacturers must take two steps. First, they use raw materials with very low iron content. Second, they may add decolorizing agents to the molten glass mixture. These agents, like selenium or manganese, add a complementary color (a faint pink or purple) that visually neutralizes the green tint from the iron, resulting in a brilliant, crystal-clear appearance.

For spirits like vodka, gin, or white rum, flint glass is the standard. It showcases the purity and clarity of the liquid inside, which consumers often associate with quality and a clean taste. A premium vodka bottle made from super flint glass feels substantial and looks pristine, communicating luxury before the bottle is even opened.

Amber Glass: The Protective Shield

Amber glass, the familiar brown color of many beer and pharmaceutical bottles, is created by adding a mixture of iron, sulfur, and carbon to the molten glass. These elements form iron polysulfides within the glass matrix, which are incredibly effective at absorbing light, particularly in the ultraviolet (UV) and blue portions of the spectrum.

UV radiation can be detrimental to many beverages. For beer, it causes a reaction with hop compounds that creates a "skunky" or "light-struck" flavor. For certain spirits, like aged whiskeys or liqueurs with natural ingredients, prolonged exposure to light can degrade complex flavor molecules and fade the color. Amber glass acts as a built-in protective shield, preserving the integrity and intended flavor profile of the contents.

The choice of amber glass is thus a deeply functional one. While it obscures the liquid's true color, it provides a powerful guarantee of quality preservation. For whiskeys, rums, and many traditional herbal liqueurs, the amber bottle is part of the classic presentation, signaling a product that is meant to be protected and savored.

Green Glass: A Balance of Tradition and Protection

Green glass, most commonly associated with wine, occupies a middle ground between flint and amber. It is typically produced by adding chromium oxide to the glass batch. Like amber glass, it offers a degree of UV protection, though generally less than amber. The level of protection varies with the darkness of the green hue.

The prevalence of green glass in the wine industry is partly rooted in tradition. Early glass bottles had a natural green tint from iron impurities, so the color became standard. Over time, specific shades became associated with specific wine regions—the "antique green" for Bordeaux, the lighter "leaf green" for many German Rieslings. For some spirits, like gin or certain absinthes and liqueurs, green glass is used for a combination of its protective qualities and its aesthetic appeal, evoking a sense of botanical ingredients, history, and mystique.

The decision between flint, amber, or green is therefore a strategic one for any brand. It involves weighing the need for UV protection against the desire to showcase the product's color, while also considering consumer expectations and the traditional cues associated with a particular spirit category.

Form Follows Function: Decanters, Flasks, and Spirits Bottles

The identity of a glass bottle is profoundly shaped by its form. The question "what is bottle glass called?" can often be answered simply by naming its shape. These names—бутылка для спиртных напитков, decanter, flask—are not arbitrary. They have evolved over centuries, their designs refined by use, tradition, and the specific requirements of the liquid they are meant to hold. An examination of these forms reveals a rich narrative of culture, chemistry, and consumer psychology.

The Spirits Bottle: A Category of Its Own

The term бутылка для спиртных напитков is a broad but useful classification. It refers to the primary container in which a distilled beverage is sold. Unlike the more generic "bottle," this term immediately specifies the high-proof nature of the contents and implies a certain standard of quality and design. A spirits bottle is designed to be both a durable vessel for transport and a centerpiece for presentation (zhonghaiglass.com).

Within this category, further specialization occurs. We speak of a бутылка виски, which often has a sturdy base, strong shoulders, and a shape that feels good in the hand. A бутылка водки is frequently tall and slender, often using flint glass to emphasize purity. A бутылка джина might use green or blue glass and incorporate botanical motifs into its design through embossing. These archetypal forms create a visual shorthand for the consumer, setting expectations for the taste and character of the spirit inside. A brand can choose to adhere to these conventions to signal its place within a category or intentionally break them to create a sense of disruption and novelty.

The Decanter: A Vessel for Aeration and Elegance

A decanter is distinct from a spirits bottle in its primary function. While a spirits bottle is for storage and sale, a decanter is for serving and presentation. Its primary purpose, especially for wine, is to aerate the liquid, allowing it to "breathe" and develop its full bouquet of aromas. For spirits like aged whiskey or brandy, decanting is less about aeration and more about aesthetics and ritual.

Decanters are almost always made from high-clarity flint or lead crystal glass. They typically feature a wide body to maximize the surface area of the liquid and a narrow neck to direct the aromas toward the nose. They are often heavier and more ornate than standard bottles, designed to be a permanent part of a home bar. The stopper is a key feature, usually made of solid glass and ground to fit the neck perfectly, creating a seal that prevents evaporation while allowing for easy access. Owning and using a decanter is a statement of appreciation for the ritual of drinking, transforming the act of pouring a drink into a moment of ceremony.

The Flask: A Symbol of Portability

Сайт flask, or hip flask, answers a different human need: portability. Its design is entirely dictated by its function. Typically made of metal, glass flasks also exist, prized for their inertness. The characteristic kidney shape of a flask is not an aesthetic whim; it is designed to conform to the curve of the human hip or thigh, allowing it to be carried discreetly and comfortably in a pocket.

A flask has a small capacity, a captive top so the lid cannot be lost, and a robust construction to withstand the rigors of travel. It is a personal item, intimate and practical. While a decanter is about shared ceremony, a flask is about individual provision. Its name immediately evokes a sense of journey, adventure, or a quiet, personal moment. Understanding these functional names is to understand the human behaviors and rituals that have grown up around the consumption of spirits.

The Cycle of Renewal: The Role of Cullet in Modern Glassmaking

In any thorough discussion of what bottle glass is called, one term is indispensable in the modern context: cullet. Cullet is the industry name for recycled glass, whether it is sourced from a factory's own production waste (internal cullet) or from post-consumer collection programs (external cullet). Far from being a mere additive, cullet is a primary raw material in today's glass manufacturing, a component that is central to the industry's efficiency and its claims of sustainability.

The Science and Economics of Melting Cullet

The use of cullet in the glass furnace is not just an environmental gesture; it is a profound chemical and economic advantage. The most significant benefit is energy reduction. Cullet melts at a lower temperature than the primary raw materials of sand, soda, and lime (Jan, 2025). For every 10% of cullet added to the batch, there is an approximate 2-3% reduction in the energy required to melt it. In an energy-intensive process like glassmaking, where furnaces run continuously at temperatures around 1500°C, these savings are substantial. They translate directly into lower production costs and a smaller carbon footprint.

Using cullet also reduces the consumption of virgin raw materials. For every ton of cullet used, more than a ton of sand, soda ash, and limestone is preserved. This lessens the environmental impact of quarrying and mining these resources. The production process itself benefits as well. The inclusion of cullet helps to accelerate the melting of the other ingredients, leading to a more homogenous molten glass and improving the overall efficiency of the furnace.

The Challenge of Purity and Color

While the benefits are clear, using cullet is not without its technical challenges, primarily revolving around purity and color sorting. To produce high-quality new glass, the incoming cullet must be free from contaminants. Materials like ceramics, stones, metals, and plastics can cause defects in the finished bottles, leading to weaknesses or aesthetic flaws. Advanced sorting facilities use a battery of technologies—magnets, eddy current separators, and optical scanners—to purify the stream of recycled glass.

Color sorting is equally important. To produce clear flint glass, the manufacturer can only use clear flint cullet. If green or amber cullet is mixed in, it will tint the entire batch. This is why you will often see separate collection bins for clear, green, and brown glass. While a small amount of color mixing can be tolerated in amber or green glass production, creating water-white flint glass requires an exceptionally pure stream of matching cullet. The ability of a glass manufacturer to effectively source and process high-quality, color-sorted cullet is a key indicator of their technical sophistication and commitment to sustainable practices. Many modern glass bottles contain a high percentage of recycled content, a fact that brands are increasingly highlighting on their labels as a mark of environmental responsibility.

The Language of the Surface: Finishes, Embossing, and Decoration

The identity of a bottle extends to its surface and its interface with the closure. When specifying a custom glass bottle, a brand must be fluent in the terminology of its physical features. These details—the finish of the neck, the texture of the body, the method of labeling—are not afterthoughts. They are integral to the bottle's function, its aesthetic appeal, and the consumer's tactile experience of the brand.

The Finish: Where Bottle Meets Closure

In glass bottle terminology, the "finish" refers specifically to the top part of the neck that is shaped to accommodate a specific type of closure. It is the critical point of contact that ensures a proper seal. There are dozens of standardized finishes, each with its own code in the Glass Packaging Institute (GPI) and Glass Container Europe (GCE) standards.

A cork finish, for example, features a straight, smooth internal bore designed to be sealed by a natural or synthetic cork, often held in place by a wire cage for sparkling products or covered with a capsule for spirits. A screw-thread finish involves a continuous helical thread molded into the outside of the neck, designed to mate with a metal or plastic screw cap. This is common for many spirits, as it provides a reliable, re-sealable closure. Other common types include the crown finish for beer and sodas (for a pry-off cap) and the press-on/twist-off finish for food jars. Choosing the right finish is a decision that impacts everything from bottling line efficiency to the consumer's experience of opening and re-sealing the product.

Embossing and Debossing: Texture as a Narrative

Embossing (raising a design from the surface) and debossing (imprinting a design into the surface) are powerful tools for adding custom detail and a premium feel to a glass bottle. These features are created by engraving the desired design directly into the bottle mold. When the molten glass is blown into the mold, it takes on the shape of this engraving.

Embossing can be used to create a brand's logo, a founder's signature, a date of establishment, or intricate patterns that add tactile interest. It is a permanent form of branding that cannot be removed or altered, unlike a paper label. It communicates a sense of permanence, craftsmanship, and authenticity. A debossed area can be used to create a "label panel," a smooth, protected space where a paper or plastic label can be applied, preventing it from scuffing during transport. These textural elements engage more than just the sense of sight; they create a memorable tactile experience when the customer holds the bottle.

The Canvas for Decoration

Beyond the inherent color and shape of the glass, the surface of the bottle is a canvas for a wide array of decorative techniques. Screen printing (also called Applied Ceramic Labeling or ACL) uses ceramic-based inks that are printed directly onto the glass and then fired at high temperatures, fusing the design permanently to the surface. This creates a durable, "no-label" look that is popular for premium spirits.

Frosting or acid-etching creates a soft, matte, translucent finish that diffuses light beautifully. It can be applied to the entire bottle or used to create patterns and logos. Spraying allows the bottle to be coated in an almost infinite spectrum of opaque or transparent colors, offering branding possibilities beyond the standard flint, amber, and green. Hot stamping with metallic foils, applying decals, or adding bespoke medallions are other ways that a simple glass vessel can be transformed into a unique piece of brand art.

The Vessel as a Narrative: Crafting Your Brand's Custom Bottle

We have journeyed from the atomic structure of glass to the threads on its neck. Now, we arrive at a synthesis. Understanding what bottle glass is called in all its facets—soda-lime, container glass, flint, spirits bottle, cullet—is not an academic exercise. It is the acquisition of a language. It is the language needed to transform a generic container into a powerful narrative vessel for your brand. A custom bottle is more than packaging; it is the first handshake with your customer. It is a physical manifestation of your brand's values, quality, and story.

The Bottle as a Storyteller

Consider the story you want to tell. Is your brand rooted in centuries-old tradition? An amber bottle with a classic shape, a cork finish, and an embossed family crest might tell that story. Is your spirit modern, minimalist, and pure? A tall, slender bottle made of super flint glass with a clean, screen-printed label and a simple screw cap would communicate that identity effectively. Is your brand adventurous, organic, and unconventional? Perhaps a custom shape in an unusual shade of green, made with a high percentage of recycled cullet, tells that tale.

Every choice is a word in the story. The weight of the bottle in the hand suggests substance. The clarity of the glass implies purity. The texture of an embossed logo creates a tactile memory. The sound of the cork leaving the neck is a moment of auditory anticipation. A successful custom bottle design orchestrates all these sensory inputs into a coherent and compelling brand narrative. It does not just hold the spirit; it embodies the spirit of the brand.

The Strategic Partnership in Creation

Creating such a vessel is a collaborative process. It requires a partnership between the brand's vision and the manufacturer's technical expertise. A brand owner must bring a deep understanding of their product, their target consumer, and their brand's core identity. The glass manufacturer must bring a mastery of materials science, mold engineering, production processes, and decorative techniques.

The dialogue might begin with a simple sketch or an abstract idea. The manufacturer then helps translate that idea into a technically feasible design. Can that sharp shoulder be molded without creating a weak point? Is super flint glass the right choice, or will standard flint achieve the desired effect at a better price point? What is the most efficient way to apply the complex artwork? This back-and-forth, this fusion of creative vision and practical engineering, is where a truly iconic bottle is born. It is a process that requires a shared language, the very language of glass terminology we have been exploring. By mastering this vocabulary, a brand owner is no longer a passive buyer but an active and informed co-creator in the design of their product's most important ambassador.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the technical name for the glass used in most bottles?

The most common type of glass used for bottles is soda-lime silicate glass. It is named for its three main ingredients: silica (from sand), soda (sodium carbonate), and lime (calcium oxide). This composition provides an excellent balance of durability, clarity, workability, and cost-effectiveness for mass production.

What is the difference between flint glass and regular clear glass?

Flint glass is the industry term for clear, colorless glass. While standard clear glass may have a slight green or blue tint from iron impurities in the raw materials, high-quality "super flint" glass is made with low-iron sand and decolorizing agents to achieve exceptional, water-white clarity, often used for premium spirits like vodka and gin.

Why are some liquor bottles brown or green?

Brown (amber) and green glass are used to protect the contents from ultraviolet (UV) light. UV radiation can degrade the flavor and color of certain beverages, particularly beer and aged spirits like whiskey. Amber glass offers the highest level of UV protection, while green glass provides a moderate amount, balancing protection with aesthetic tradition.

Is borosilicate glass used for spirit bottles?

While not common for standard, single-use spirit bottles due to its higher cost, borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-end, reusable decanters or special edition packaging. Its superior resistance to thermal shock and its high durability communicate a sense of extreme quality and permanence.

What does "cullet" mean in glass manufacturing?

Cullet is the industry term for crushed, recycled glass. It is a critical raw material in modern glassmaking. Using cullet reduces the energy needed to melt the glass batch, conserves virgin raw materials like sand and limestone, and lowers the overall carbon footprint of the manufacturing process.

What is the "finish" of a glass bottle?

The "finish" refers to the top part of the bottle's neck that is molded to accept a specific closure. This could be a thread for a screw cap, a smooth bore for a cork, or a lip for a crown cap. The finish is a critical design element that ensures a proper seal.

Can I create a completely unique shape for my brand's bottle?

Yes. Creating a proprietary, custom-molded bottle is a key way for brands to differentiate themselves. Working with a manufacturer, you can design a unique shape that is then produced using a private mold, ensuring that the design is exclusive to your brand. This involves collaboration on design, engineering, and mold production.

Заключение

The inquiry into the name of bottle glass unfolds into a multifaceted exploration of science, industry, and design. At its core, the physical substance is most often soda-lime glass, a material engineered for stability and clarity. In the commercial sphere, it is known as container glass, a term that defines its function within a vast industrial landscape. The palette of the glass introduces further names—flint, amber, green—each denoting not just a color but a specific protective function or aesthetic tradition.

Furthermore, the form of the vessel itself provides a name, with decanters, flasks, and spirits bottles each defined by a unique shape tied to a specific human ritual or need. The modern imperative for sustainability adds the term cullet to our lexicon, representing the cyclical life of the material. Ultimately, a deep literacy in these overlapping terminologies is not merely for trivia; it is an empowerment. For a brand, this knowledge transforms the bottle from a simple container into a narrative medium, a tactile storyteller that communicates quality, heritage, and identity long before the first sip is taken. The final name of the bottle, then, is the one crafted by the brand itself through the deliberate and informed selection of material, color, form, and finish.

References

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